My HP All-In-One 20-c081nt has the processor Intel Core i3-6100U, which is supposed to not run hotter than 100C. On Windows if 100C is reached, the screen will fade out and PC will immediately shutdown. A warning will be shown at next boot. On Linux, seen in the video, the PC will simply keep running as if nothing has happened and show the thermal shutdown warning after a graceful reboot.
Super lazy on HP to design such protection to be dependent on the OS. A good realtime priority set of threads could probably keep it running hot for longer by blocking the protection program.
That protection should be part of the system firmware.